Defensive fortifications

Defensive fortifications are positions prepared to provide a tactical advantage against attacks from one or more directions. They can be constructed using permanent structures, temporary defences, or improvised materials.

These may include:

• Permanent structures (e.g. concrete bunkers)
• Temporary fortifications (e.g. sandbags, weapon emplacements)
• Improvised cover (e.g. vehicle wrecks, earth trenches)

Terrain should be used to strengthen the position. Elevated ground improves visibility and engagement range, while open ground to the front provides clear fields of fire. In built-up areas, multi-storey structures can be reinforced to create additional protected firing positions.

Fortifications intended for extended use should be developed to improve survivability. This includes:

• Protecting against flanking approaches
• Adding rear and overhead cover
• Dividing positions into separate sections to reduce the impact of indirect fire